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1 add (e. g., ferrosilicon) to the steel in the furnace, runner or mould
Макаров: давать добавку (напр. ферросилиция) в ванну, жёлоб или изложницуУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > add (e. g., ferrosilicon) to the steel in the furnace, runner or mould
-
2 add e. g., ferrosilicon, to the steel in the furnace, runner or mould
Макаров: давать добавку, напр. ферросилиция в ванну, жёлоб или изложницуУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > add e. g., ferrosilicon, to the steel in the furnace, runner or mould
-
3 add ferrosilicon to the steel in the furnace, runner or mould
Универсальный англо-русский словарь > add ferrosilicon to the steel in the furnace, runner or mould
-
4 add to the steel in the furnace, runner or mould
Макаров: (e. g., ferrosilicon) давать добавку (напр. ферросилиция) в ванну, жёлоб или изложницу, присаживать добавку в ванну, жёлоб или изложницуУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > add to the steel in the furnace, runner or mould
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5 make an addition of (e. g., ferrosilicon) to the steel in the furnace, runner or mould
Макаров: присаживать добавку (напр. ферросилиция) в ванну, жёлоб или изложницуУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > make an addition of (e. g., ferrosilicon) to the steel in the furnace, runner or mould
-
6 make an addition of (e. g., ferrosilicon, to the steel in the furnace, runner or mould)
Макаров: присаживать добавку (напр. ферросилиция в ванну, жёлоб или изложницу)Универсальный англо-русский словарь > make an addition of (e. g., ferrosilicon, to the steel in the furnace, runner or mould)
-
7 make an addition of ferrosilicon to the steel in the furnace, runner or mould
Универсальный англо-русский словарь > make an addition of ferrosilicon to the steel in the furnace, runner or mould
-
8 make an addition of to the steel in the furnace, runner or mould
Макаров: (e. g., ferrosilicon) присаживать добавку (напр. ферросилиция) в ванну, жёлоб или изложницуУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > make an addition of to the steel in the furnace, runner or mould
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9 furnace
- топка стационарного котла
- топка
- техническая печь
- печь (металлургия)
- печь (в полупроводниковых приборах)
- печка
- котёл системы центрального парового отопления
- корпус многокорпусного котлоагрегата
- камерная топка стационарного котла
камерная топка стационарного котла
камерная топка
Топка стационарного котла, в которой пылевидное, жидкое или газообразное топливо сжигается в факеле.
[ ГОСТ 23172-78]Тематики
- котел, водонагреватель
Синонимы
EN
DE
FR
корпус многокорпусного котлоагрегата
—
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]Тематики
EN
котёл системы центрального парового отопления
—
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]Тематики
EN
печка
печь
топка
топочная камера
горн
котёл
—
[ http://slovarionline.ru/anglo_russkiy_slovar_neftegazovoy_promyishlennosti/]Тематики
Синонимы
EN
печь (в полупроводниковых приборах)
Устройство, используемое при изготовлении полупроводниковых приборов для высокотемпературной обработки подложек в среде строго управляемого состава; используются массивные нагревательные элементы и поэтому не допускаются быстрые изменения температуры подложек; процесс требует большого количества тепловой энергии; экономичной альтернативой является процесс RTP.
[ http://www.cscleansystems.com/glossary.html]Тематики
EN
печь
Тепловое технологическое оборудование (устройство), в котором рабочим видом энергии является теплота. Представляет огражденное от окружающего пространства устройство, в котором происходят теплогенерация и теплообмен для тепловой обработки материала в тех или иных технологических целях. Совокупность тепловых процессов в печи есть ее тепловая работа. Рабочее пространство печи условно можно разделить на две зоны: основная — технологического процесса (ЗТП) и вспомогательная — генерации теплоты (ЗГТ). Необходимые энергетические условия в ЗТП можно создать в результате теплообмена между зонами (печь-теплообменник) или теплогенерацией непосредственно в ЗТП, совмещая обе зоны (печь-теплогенератор). Печи подразделяют по технологическому назначению: сушильные, обжиговые, нагревательные, термические, плавильные, переплавные и т.п.; по теплогенерации: топливные, автогенные и электрические; по способу передачи теплоты: прямого или косвенного нагрева (действия); по режиму работы: периодического или непрерывного (постоянного) действия, методические; по форме рабочего пространства: с вертикальным рабочим пространством — башенные, колпаковые, шахтные, элеваторные и т.п., с горизонтальным рабочим пространством — барабанные, камерные, проходные, секционные, трубчатые, туннельные и т.п., ванные, подовые, с кристаллизатором, тигельные и др.; по способу передвижения заготовки (в нагревательных печах): карусельные, конвейерные, протяжные, рольганговые, с вращающимся, выдвижным (выкатным), пульсирующим, роликовым или шагающим подом, с моталкой, с шагающими балками, толкательные, элеваторные и др.; по рабочей среде ЗТП (электрические печи): открытые, вакуумные, вакуумно-компрессорные, с контролируемой средой инертных или защитных газов; по способу утилизации теплоты отходящих газов: регенераторные, рекуператорные, с котлом-утилизатором, пароиспарительным камином или подогревом шихтовых материалов. Печи характеризуют параметры: геометрические размеры рабочего пространства, масса нагреваемого материала (для нагревательных печей периодического действия — садка, для плавильных печей — емкость, для печей непрерывного действия — массовая скорость нагрева или часовая производительность), мощность. Технико-экономические показатели работы печей: производительность общая и удельная — на единицу площади пода (т.н. напряженность пода), удельный расход топлива или электрической энергии, коэффициент использования топлива и полезного действия печи, для определения которых составляют тепловые балансы мощности — для печей непрерывного действия, и энергии — для печей периодического действия.
[ http://www.manual-steel.ru/eng-a.html]Тематики
EN
техническая печь
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
furnace
A structure or apparatus in which heat is produced by the combustion of fuel, often to warm houses, melt metals, produce steam and bake pottery. (Source: RHW)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
топка стационарного котла
топка
Устройство стационарного котла, предназначенное для сжигания органического топлива, частичного охлаждения продуктов сгорания и выделения золы.
[ ГОСТ 23172-78]Тематики
- котел, водонагреватель
Синонимы
EN
DE
FR
105. Топка стационарного котла
Топка
D. Feuerung
E. Furnace
F. Foyer
Устройство стационарного котла, предназначенное для сжигания органического топлива, частичного охлаждения продуктов сгорания и выделения золы
Источник: ГОСТ 23172-78: Котлы стационарные. Термины и определения оригинал документа
112. Камерная топка стационарного котла
Камерная топка
D. Kammerfeuerung
E. Furnace
F. Foyer a chambre
Топка стационарного котла, в которой пылевидное, жидкое или газообразное топливо сжигается в факеле
Источник: ГОСТ 23172-78: Котлы стационарные. Термины и определения оригинал документа
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > furnace
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10 Gibbons, John
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]fl. 1800–50 Staffordshire, England[br]English ironmaster who introduced the round hearth in the blastfurnace.[br]Gibbons was an ironmaster in the Black Country, South Staffordshire, in charge of six blast furnaces owned by the family business. Until Gibbons's innovation in 1832, small changes in the form of the furnace had at times been made, but no one had seriously questioned the square shape of the hearth. Gibbons noticed that a new furnace often worked poorly by improved as time went on. When it was "blown out", i.e. taken out of commission, he found that the corners of the hearth had been rounded off and the sides gouged out, so that it was roughly circular in shape. Gibbons wisely decided to build a blast furnace with a round hearth alongside an existing one with a traditionally shaped hearth and work them in exactly the same conditions. The old furnace produced 75 tons of iron in a week, about normal for the time, while the new one produced 100 tons. Further improvements followed and in 1838 a fellow ironmaster in the same district, T. Oakes, considerably enlarged the furnace, its height attaining no less than 60ft (18m). As a result, output soared to over 200 tons a week. Most other ironmasters adopted the new form with enthusiasm and it proved to be the basis for the modern blast furnace. Gibbons made another interesting innovation: he began charging his furnace with the "rubbish", slag or cinder, from earlier ironmaking operations. It contained a significant amount of iron and was cheaper to obtain than iron ore, as it was just lying around in heaps. Some ironmasters scorned to use other people's throw-outs, but Gibbons sensibly saw it as a cheap source of iron; it was a useful source for some years during the nineteenth century but its use died out when the heaps were used up. Gibbons published an account of his improvements in ironmaking in a pamphlet entitled Practical Remarks on the Construction of the Staffordshire Blast Furnace.[br]Bibliography1839, Practical Remarks on the Construction of the Staffordshire Blast Furnace, Birmingham; reprinted 1844.Further ReadingJ.Percy, 1864, Metallurgy. Iron and Steel, London, p. 476. W.K.V.Gale, 1969, Iron and Steel, London: Longmans, pp. 44–6.LRD -
11 печь
broiler, furnace, heater, oven, stove* * *печь ж.1. furnaceзагружа́ть печь — charge (e. g., a metal) into a furnaceпечь остано́влена для сме́ны футеро́вки — the furnace is off for a reliningпечь рабо́тает на (напр. жидком) [m2]то́пливе — the furnace is fired with (e. g., liquid) fuelраста́пливать печь — fire up a furnaceтопи́ть печь — fire a furnaceфутерова́ть печь — line a furnace2. (для нагрева до сравнительно невысоких температур, ниже температуры плавления) oven3. (для обжига, сушки и прокаливания) kiln4. (для сушки изложниц, форм и стержней) stove5. (для выпечки хлеба, приготовления пищи) oven6. (для обогрева, особенно жилища) stove7. горн. breakthrough, bord, rise entry, cut-throughагломерацио́нная печь — sintering furnaceпечь бараба́нного ти́па — drum-type furnaceбискви́тная печь — biscuit ovenва́нная печь — bath [tank] furnaceватержаке́тная печь — water jacket furnaceва́фельная печь — wafer ovenвозго́ночная печь — subliming furnaceвосстанови́тельная печь — reduction furnaceвраща́ющаяся печь1. rotating furnace2. rotary kilnвраща́ющаяся, бараба́нная печь — rotary drum-type furnaceвулканизацио́нная печь — vulcanizing [curing] ovenвысокочасто́тная печь — high-frequency furnaceга́зовая печь1. gas(-fired) furnace2. gas(-fired) kiln; gas(-fired) ovenгартоплави́льная печь полигр. — type metal melting furnaceгипсообжига́тельная печь — plaster kilnголла́ндская печь — Dutch ovenгоршко́вая печь — pot furnaceдистилляцио́нная печь — distilling furnaceпечь для глазурова́ния — glaze kilnпечь для кальцини́рования — calcining ovenпечь для о́бжига кирпича́ — brick kilnпечь для па́йки — brazing furnaceпечь для пла́вки на штейн — matting furnaceпечь для рафини́рования — affinage furnaceдо́менная печь — blast furnace (см. тж. домна)выдува́ть до́менную печь — blow out a blast furnaceдержа́ть до́менную печь под дутьё́м — keep a furnace in blastзадува́ть до́менную печь — blow in a blast furnaceдо́менная печь с конве́йерной пода́чей — belt-charged blast furnaceдровяна́я печь — wood-burning stoveдугова́я печь — electric arc furnaceжарова́я печь — direct heat ovenпечь, загружа́емая све́рху — top-charged furnaceзака́лочная печь — hardening furnaceзейгеро́вочная печь — liquating [dross(ing) ] furnaceзолотоплави́льная печь — bullion furnaceизвестеобжига́тельная печь — lime kilnиндукцио́нная печь — induction furnaceиндукцио́нная, кана́льная печь — submerged-resistor induction furnaceиндукцио́нная, ти́гельная печь — coreless induction furnaceка́мерная печь1. chamber furnace2. chamber kiln; chamber ovenкана́льная печь — hot-air ovenкача́ющаяся печь — tilting furnaceпечь кипя́щего сло́я — fluidized bed furnaceкирпичеобжига́тельная печь — brick kilnки́слая печь — acid-lined furnaceко́ксовая печь — coke ovenко́ксовая печь с вертика́лами — vertical-flued coke ovenко́ксовая печь с ула́вливанием хими́ческих проду́ктов — chemical-recovery coke ovenко́ксовая, узкока́мерная печь — slab coke ovenко́ксовая, у́льевая печь — beehive coke ovenколо́дезная печь метал. — pit furnaceколпако́вая печь — bell(-type) furnaceкольцева́я печь — ring [annular] furnaceконве́йерная печь — travelling ovenконта́ктная печь — catalyst furnaceкопти́льная печь — smoking kilnкузне́чная печь — forging furnaceкупеляцио́нная печь — cupel(ing) furnace, cupelпечь лё́гкого кре́кинга — viscosity breaking furnaceлите́йная печь — foundry furnaceлю́лечная печь — (swinging-)tray ovenмарте́новская печь — open-hearth furnaceмарте́новская, ки́слая печь — acid open-hearth furnaceмарте́новская, основна́я печь — basic open-hearth furnaceметоди́ческая печь — continuous furnaceмногопо́довая печь — multihearth furnaceмногоя́русная печь — multideck ovenмусоросжига́тельная печь — incineratorму́фельная печь — muffle furnaceнагрева́тельная печь — heating furnace; ( для слитков) reheating furnaceпечь непреры́вного де́йствия1. continuous furnace2. continuous kilnнормализацио́нная печь — normalizing furnaceобжа́рочная печь — roasterо́бжиговая печь — kiln; oven, roasting furnace, roaster; ( в производстве керамических изделий) firing kilnзаде́лывать отве́рстия в о́бжиговой пе́чи — close the kilnо́бжиговая, гонча́рная печь — pottery kilnо́бжиговая, многопо́лочная печь ( для обжига колчедана) — multishelf furnaceо́бжиговая печь с кипя́щим сло́ем — fluidized-bed [fluid-bed] roasterо́бжиговая печь с механи́ческим перегреба́нием — mechanical calcining ovenо́бжиговая, тру́бчатая враща́ющаяся печь — tubular rotary kilnодноя́русная печь — one-deck ovenопа́лочная печь — singeing ovenосновна́я печь — basic-lined furnaceотжига́тельная печь — annealing furnaceотража́тельная печь1. reverberatory furnace2. reverberatory kilnпечь периоди́ческого де́йствия1. batch furnace2. batch kiln, batch ovenплави́льная печь — melting furnaceплави́льная, ти́гельная печь — crucible melting furnaceплави́льная, ша́хтная печь — shaft melting furnaceпла́зменная печь — plasm furnaceплазменнодугова́я печь — plasm-arc furnaceпла́менная печь — combustion furnaceпроби́рная печь — assay furnaceпромы́шленная печь — industrial furnaceпроходна́я печь — continuous furnaceпечь прямо́го нагре́ва — directly fuel kilnрегенерати́вная печь — regenerative furnaceрекуперати́вная печь — recuperative furnaceрето́ртная печь — retort furnaceро́торная печь — rotor furnace, rotor vesselрудовосстанови́тельная печь — oresmelting furnaceруднотерми́ческая печь — ore-smelting furnaceрудообжига́тельная печь — ore-roasting furnace, ore roasterрудоплави́льная печь — smelting furnaceрыбокопти́льная печь — fish smoking kilnсва́рочная печь — welding furnaceпечь с ве́рхним отопле́нием — top-fired kilnпечь с враща́ющимся по́дом1. rotary [rotating] hearth furnace2. rotary [rotating] hearth kiln; rotary [rotating] hearth ovenпечь с выдвижны́м (выкатны́м) по́дом — car-bottom [car-type] furnaceпечь с вы́пуском пла́вки в два ковша́ — bifurcated furnaceпечь с конве́йерным по́дом1. conveyer furnace2. travelling sole ovenпечь сопротивле́ния — (с электродами, вводимыми в шихту, которая разогревается проходящими через неё токами) resistance furnace; (с нагревательными элементами в виде сопротивлений, несоприкасающимися с шихтой) resistor furnaceсталеплави́льная печь — steel melting furnaceстациона́рная печь — fixed furnaceстеклова́ренная печь — glassmaking furnaceсуши́льная печь — drying kiln; drying ovenсуши́льная печь для сухаре́й — rusk ovenпечь с шага́ющим по́дом — walking-beam furnaceтерми́ческая печь — heat-treating furnaceти́гельная печь — crucible furnaceтолка́тельная печь — pusher-type furnaceтоми́льная печь — soaking pitтру́бчатая печь — tube furnaceтунне́льная печь — tunnel kiln; tunnel ovenуглевыжига́тельная печь — charcoal kilnфорсу́ночная печь — burner-feed furnaceхлебопека́рная печь — baking ovenцельноосно́вная печь — all-basic furnaceцементацио́нная печь — case hardening furnaceцементообжига́тельная печь — cement kilnпечь цикло́нного ти́па — cyclone furnaceцинкодистилляцио́нная печь — zinc (distillation) furnaceша́хтная печь — shaft furnaceша́хтная, сыроду́тная печь — bloomeryша́хтная, электри́ческая печь для хлори́рования ( в производстве магния) — electric chlorinator, chlorination furnaceшлаковозго́нная печь ( в производстве свинца) — slag-fuming [slag-sublimate on] furnaceщелева́я печь — slot-type furnaceэлектри́ческая печь — electric furnaceэлектродугова́я печь — electric arc furnaceэлектролити́ческая печь — electrolytic furnaceэлектроннолучева́я печь — electron beam furnace -
12 Hall, Joseph
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 1789d. 1862[br]English ironmaker who invented the wet puddling process.[br]Hall was a practical man with no theoretical background: his active years were spent at Bloomfield Ironworks, Tipton, Staffordshire. Around 1816 he began experimenting in the production of wrought iron. At that time, blast-furnace or cast iron was converted to wrought iron by the dry puddling process invented by Henry Cort in 1784. In this process, the iron was decarburized (i.e. had its carbon removed) by heating it in a current of air in a furnace with a sand bed. Some of the iron combined with the silica in the sand to form a slag, however, so that no less than 2 tons of cast iron were needed to produce 1 ton of wrought. Hall found that if bosh cinder was charged into the furnace, a vigorous reaction occurred in which the cast iron was converted much more quickly than before, to produce better quality wrought iron, a ton of which could be formed by no more than 21 cwt (1,067 kg) of cast iron. Because of the boiling action, the process came to be known as pig boiling. Bosh cinder, essentially iron oxide, was formed in the water troughs or boshes in which workers cooled their tools used in puddling and reacted with the carbon in the cast iron. The advantages of pig boiling over dry puddling were striking enough for the process to be widely used by the late 1820s. By mid-century it was virtually the only process used for producing wrought iron, an essential material for mechanical and civil engineering during the Industrial Revolution. Hall reckoned that if he had patented his invention he would have "made a million". As luck would have it, the process that he did patent in 1838 left his finances unchanged: this was for the roasting of cinder for use as the base of the puddling furnace, providing better protection than the bosh cinder for the iron plates that formed the base.[br]Bibliography1857, The Iron Question Considered in Connection with Theory, Practice and Experience with Special Reference to the Bessemer Process, London.Further ReadingJ.Percy, 1864, Metallurgy. Iron and Steel, London, pp. 670 ff. W.K.V.Gale, Iron and Steel, London: Longmans, pp. 46–50.LRD -
13 Parry, George
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]fl. 1800–1850 Wales[br]Welsh ironmaker and inventor of the bell and hopper for blastfurnaces.[br]Until the mid-nineteenth century, blast furnaces were open at the top to facilitate loading of the iron ore, fuel and flux (the charge). However, that arrangement allowed the hot gases produced in the furnace to escape, whereas they could have been used to heat boilers or the incoming air blast. Attempts had been made to capture the fugitive gases, but they had all failed until George Parry devised his bell and hopper equipment for dosing the throat or top of the furnace. He fixed an inverted cone or hopper inside the throat and arranged inside it a cast-iron bell that could be raised or lowered. When in the raised position, it was in contact with the underside of the hopper, thus sealing the furnace. The hot gases could then be led off through a large pipe to do useful work. The charge was dropped onto the bell, and when enough had accumulated there the bell was lowered, allowing the charge to fall into the furnace. The gas escaped only for the brief period that the bell was lowered. The advantages of this arrangement were soon realized by other ironmasters and it was quite rapidly, and then generally, adopted. The device was still in use in the 1990s, with modifications.[br]Bibliography1858, "On the principal causes of derangements in blast furnaces", Proceedings of the South Wales Institute of Engineers 1:26–39 (describes his improvements to the blast furnace), 28 ff. (relates to the improvements in the charging arrangements).Further ReadingW.K.V.Gale, 1969, Iron and Steel, London: Longmans, p. 52.LRD -
14 давать добавку ферросилиция в ванну, жёлоб или изложницу
Универсальный русско-английский словарь > давать добавку ферросилиция в ванну, жёлоб или изложницу
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15 присаживать добавку в ванну, жёлоб или изложницу
Makarov: add to the steel in the furnace, runner or mould, (напр. ферросилиция) make an addition of (e. g., ferrosilicon) to the steel in the furnace, runner or mouldУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > присаживать добавку в ванну, жёлоб или изложницу
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16 добавка
additive, addition, admixture, addition [additive] agent, agent, aid, adjunct пищ., balancer, additive compound, doctor, dope, supplement, temper* * *доба́вка ж.1. additive, dope, agent2. стр. admixture, agent3. метал. additionвводи́ть доба́вки руды́ в пла́вку — ore down the heatвводи́ть доба́вки чугуна́ в пла́вку — pig up the heatдава́ть [приса́живать] доба́вку (напр. ферросилиция) в ва́нну, жё́лоб или изло́жницу — add [make an addition of] (e. g., ferrosilicon) to the steel in the furnace, runner or mouldдава́ть [приса́живать] доба́вку для получе́ния ну́жного содержа́ния углеро́да, ма́рганца и т. п. — make additions for carbon, manganese, etc.акти́вная доба́вка — active admixtureблескообразу́ющая доба́вка ( в гальваническую ванну) — brightenerдоба́вка, введё́нная при дробле́нии — interground additionдоба́вка в изло́жницу — addition in the mouldдоба́вка в ковш — ladle additionвоздухововлека́ющая доба́вка — air-entraining [air-entrainment] admixtureдоба́вка в печь — furnace addition, addition in the furnaceвспу́чивающая доба́вка ( в бетон) — expansion [bloating] agentвыгора́ющая доба́вка — combustible [burning] additionгазообразу́ющая доба́вка — gas-generating agentгася́щая доба́вка ( в люминофор) — quenching admixture, quencher (to a phosphor)гидравли́ческая доба́вка — hydraulic admixtureгидравли́ческая, свя́зывающая доба́вка — hydraulic binding admixtureгидрофо́бная доба́вка — water-repelling [waterproofing] agentдисперги́рующая доба́вка — dispersing agentдоба́вка для размо́ла цеме́нта — cement-dispersion admixtureдоба́вка для улучше́ния удобоукла́дываемости бето́на — workability admixture, workability agentдоба́вка к пищевы́м проду́ктам — food additiveкра́сящая доба́вка — coloring admixtureдоба́вка к рацио́ну ( питательная) — dietary supplementлеги́рующая доба́вка — alloying additionмати́рующая доба́вка — flatting agentмо́ющая доба́вка — detergent additiveпенообразу́ющая доба́вка — foaming agentпластифици́рующая доба́вка — plasticizerпове́рхностно-акти́вная доба́вка — surfactant admixtureпротивоморо́зная доба́вка — antifreeze admixtureпуццола́новая доба́вка ( в бетон) — pozzolanic admixtureдоба́вка раскисли́теля доба́вка — finishing additionрассе́ивающая доба́вка — scattering diluentдоба́вка руды́ ( в мартеновском процессе) — oreing downспека́ющая доба́вка — fusing [sintering] additionтвё́рдая доба́вка — solid additionфлюсу́ющая доба́вка — fluxing additionформу́ющая доба́вка — workability admixtureцветосдвига́ющая доба́вка — colour shifterшлакообразу́ющая доба́вка — slag-forming addition -
17 Darby, Abraham
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 1678 near Dudley, Worcestershire, Englandd. 5 May 1717 Madely Court, Coalbrookdale, Shropshire, England[br]English ironmaster, inventor of the coke smelting of iron ore.[br]Darby's father, John, was a farmer who also worked a small forge to produce nails and other ironware needed on the farm. He was brought up in the Society of Friends, or Quakers, and this community remained important throughout his personal and working life. Darby was apprenticed to Jonathan Freeth, a malt-mill maker in Birmingham, and on completion of his apprenticeship in 1699 he took up the trade himself in Bristol. Probably in 1704, he visited Holland to study the casting of brass pots and returned to Bristol with some Dutch workers, setting up a brassworks at Baptist Mills in partnership with others. He tried substituting cast iron for brass in his castings, without success at first, but in 1707 he was granted a patent, "A new way of casting iron pots and other pot-bellied ware in sand without loam or clay". However, his business associates were unwilling to risk further funds in the experiments, so he withdrew his share of the capital and moved to Coalbrookdale in Shropshire. There, iron ore, coal, water-power and transport lay close at hand. He took a lease on an old furnace and began experimenting. The shortage and expense of charcoal, and his knowledge of the use of coke in malting, may well have led him to try using coke to smelt iron ore. The furnace was brought into blast in 1709 and records show that in the same year it was regularly producing iron, using coke instead of charcoal. The process seems to have been operating successfully by 1711 in the production of cast-iron pots and kettles, with some pig-iron destined for Bristol. Darby prospered at Coalbrookdale, employing coke smelting with consistent success, and he sought to extend his activities in the neighbourhood and in other parts of the country. However, ill health prevented him from pursuing these ventures with his previous energy. Coke smelting spread slowly in England and the continent of Europe, but without Darby's technological breakthrough the ever-increasing demand for iron for structures and machines during the Industrial Revolution simply could not have been met; it was thus an essential component of the technological progress that was to come.Darby's eldest son, Abraham II (1711–63), entered the Coalbrookdale Company partnership in 1734 and largely assumed control of the technical side of managing the furnaces and foundry. He made a number of improvements, notably the installation of a steam engine in 1742 to pump water to an upper level in order to achieve a steady source of water-power to operate the bellows supplying the blast furnaces. When he built the Ketley and Horsehay furnaces in 1755 and 1756, these too were provided with steam engines. Abraham II's son, Abraham III (1750–89), in turn, took over the management of the Coalbrookdale works in 1768 and devoted himself to improving and extending the business. His most notable achievement was the design and construction of the famous Iron Bridge over the river Severn, the world's first iron bridge. The bridge members were cast at Coalbrookdale and the structure was erected during 1779, with a span of 100 ft (30 m) and height above the river of 40 ft (12 m). The bridge still stands, and remains a tribute to the skill and judgement of Darby and his workers.[br]Further ReadingA.Raistrick, 1989, Dynasty of Iron Founders, 2nd edn, Ironbridge Gorge Museum Trust (the best source for the lives of the Darbys and the work of the company).H.R.Schubert, 1957, History of the British Iron and Steel Industry AD 430 to AD 1775, London: Routledge \& Kegan Paul.LRD -
18 Macintosh, Charles
[br]b. 29 December 1766 Glasgow, Scotlandd. 25 July 1843 Dunchattan, near Glasgow, Scotland[br]Scottish inventor of rubberized waterproof clothing.[br]As the son of the well-known and inventive dyer George Macintosh, Charles had an early interest in chemistry. At the age of 19 he gave up his work as a clerk with a Glasgow merchant to manufacture sal ammoniac (ammonium chloride) and developed new processes in dyeing. In 1797 he started the first Scottish alum works, finding the alum in waste shale from coal mines. His first works was at Hurlet, Renfrewshire, and was followed later by others. He then formed a partnership with Charles Tennant, the proprietor of a chemical works at St Rollox, near Glasgow, and sold "lime bleaching liquor" made with chlorine and milk of lime from their bleach works at Darnley. A year later the use of dry lime to make bleaching powder, a process worked out by Macintosh, was patented. Macintosh remained associated with Tennant's St Rollox chemical works until 1814. During this time, in 1809, he had set up a yeast factory, but it failed because of opposition from the London brewers.There was a steady demand for the ammonia that gas works produced, but the tar was often looked upon as an inconvenient waste product. Macintosh bought all the ammonia and tar that the Glasgow works produced, using the ammonia in his establishment to produce cudbear, a dyestuff extracted from various lichens. Cudbear could be used with appropriate mordants to make shades from pink to blue. The tar could be distilled to produce naphtha, which was used as a flare. Macintosh also became interested in ironmaking. In 1825 he took out a patent for converting malleable iron into steel by taking it to white heat in a current of gas with a carbon content, such as coal gas. However, the process was not commercially successful because of the difficulty keeping the furnace gas-tight. In 1828 he assisted J.B. Neilson in bringing hot blast into use in blast furnaces; Neilson assigned Macintosh a share in the patent, which was of dubious benefit as it involved him in the tortuous litigation that surrounded the patent until 1843.In June 1823, as a result of experiments into the possible uses of naphtha obtained as a by-product of the distillation of coal tar, Macintosh patented his process for waterproofing fabric. This comprised dissolving rubber in naphtha and applying the solution to two pieces of cloth which were afterwards pressed together to form an impermeable compound fabric. After an experimental period in Glasgow, Macintosh commenced manufacture in Manchester, where he formed a partnership with H.H.Birley, B.Kirk and R.W.Barton. Birley was a cotton spinner and weaver and was looking for ways to extend the output of his cloth. He was amongst the first to light his mills with gas, so he shared a common interest with Macintosh.New buildings were erected for the production of waterproof cloth in 1824–5, but there were considerable teething troubles with the process, particularly in the spreading of the rubber solution onto the cloth. Peter Ewart helped to install the machinery, including a steam engine supplied by Boulton \& Watt, and the naphtha was supplied from Macintosh's works in Glasgow. It seems that the process was still giving difficulties when Thomas Hancock, the foremost rubber technologist of that time, became involved in 1830 and was made a partner in 1834. By 1836 the waterproof coat was being called a "mackintosh" [sic] and was gaining such popularity that the Manchester business was expanded with additional premises. Macintosh's business was gradually enlarged to include many other kinds of indiarubber products, such as rubber shoes and cushions.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1823.Further ReadingG.Macintosh, 1847, Memoir of Charles Macintosh, London (the fullest account of Charles Macintosh's life).T.Hancock, 1957, Narrative of the Indiarubber Manufacture, London.H.Schurer, 1953, "The macintosh: the paternity of an invention", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 28:77–87 (an account of the invention of the mackintosh).RLH / LRD -
19 давать добавку (напр . ферросилиция) в ванну, жёлоб или изложницу
Универсальный русско-английский словарь > давать добавку (напр . ферросилиция) в ванну, жёлоб или изложницу
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20 давать добавку, напр. ферросилиция в ванну, жёлоб или изложницу
Универсальный русско-английский словарь > давать добавку, напр. ферросилиция в ванну, жёлоб или изложницу
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